Exploring the ancient origins of winter solstice celebrations in paganism

The winter solstice is a significant event that occurs annually, marking the shortest day and the longest night of the year. It is celebrated by various cultures and religions around the world, and pagan traditions have their own unique way of honoring this seasonal change. In pagan beliefs, the winter solstice is known as Yule. The word "Yule" originates from ancient Germanic and Norse traditions, where it was celebrated with feasting, bonfires, and rituals aimed at bringing light and warmth during the darkest time of the year. The celebration of Yule predates the Christian celebration of Christmas and has influenced many of its customs and traditions. During the winter solstice pagan celebration, there is a focus on rebirth, renewal, and the return of the light.

Scholars do however commonly claim that the celebration was held around the middle of January, centered in between the first day of winter and the first day of summer using the old Norse Calendar. On the prime staff, the 12th of January is marked with dots symbolizing snowflakes, and the tradition of Yule Ale and "drinking Jól" is further symbolized by a drinking horn on December 25th, with an upside-down drinking horn depicted on January 13th, symbolizing that the ale should be finished by then (8). According to Visted, Midwinter was on January 13-14th (9). Others have claimed that it was moveable and celebrated at the first new full moon after the solstice(10), that is, between January 5th and February 2nd, varying from year to year. In Heimskringla, Snorri Sturlusson writes that the old celebration started with Midwinters night or "Hökunótt", lasting for 3 days, and that king Aðalsteinsfóstri later had the celebration moved to coincide ith the Christian celebration (11).

Others have claimed that it was moveable and celebrated at the first new full moon after the solstice 10 , that is, between January 5th and February 2nd, varying from year to year. It was during these days that the 13 Icelandic Yule lads would come sneaking one by one each day, to put something nice in the shoe if I had been good - or a lame old potato if had had been mischievous.

During the winter solstice pagan celebration, there is a focus on rebirth, renewal, and the return of the light. This is because after the winter solstice, the days gradually become longer, symbolizing the return of the sun and the promise of spring. Pagan rituals often involve honoring the turning of the wheel of the year and the cyclical nature of life.

How Can a New Pagan Celebrate the Winter Solstice?

These are the darkest days of the year. Insofar as we today — and polytheists of the past — felt that it is important to celebrate the return of the sun, we have celebrated, feasted, and made offerings around this time.

The word solstice comes from the Latin words meaning “sun” and “to stand still” because the sun seems to stand still in the sky for a time on the Solstices. It is the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. As some food for thought, in New York City on the Winter Solstice, we get about 9 hours of daylight, compared to 15 hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice.

The time around the Winter Solstice was also a common time for important rituals and feasts in the polytheist cultures of Europe. The hearth cultures I’ll be discussing here are Germanic, Roman, Celtic, and Slavic.

Germanic Customs

Germanic pagans today celebrate Yule around the Winter Solstice, although not always on the solstice. There are only a few things we know for certain about how Norse and Anglo-Saxon polytheists celebrated midwinter, which I describe in more detail here. To sum up: we know there was a sacrificial boar, especially sacred oaths, three days of feasting and drinking, and probably rituals for the ancestors. Certainly ham and New Year’s resolutions are similar modern customs. Even Christmas trees originated from Germany.

Roman Customs

There are also several similarities between modern Christmastime traditions from the Roman polytheists. The Romans famously celebrated Saturnalia, which was celebrated on December 17th. It became one of the most important festivals of the year. Gambling was legal. Freemen served meals to their slaves. Overall everything was “topsy turvy.” Notably, gifts were given to children and between friends. It is likely this custom was the source of our Christmastime gift-giving. Saturnalia was very popular at the time the Roman Empire came under the control of Christian emperors. Several scholars argue that Saturnalia influenced early Christian practices.

The Romans also celebrated a “sun child” or the Sol Invictus. From 375 CE the celebratory date of Sol Invictus had been on December 25th. Unfortunately, scholars and pagans disagree about who Sol Invictus was and whether this holiday was the reason Christmas was set to December 25th.

Celtic Customs

And now I come to the Celts and Wiccans among us pagans. I do sympathize. The modern Wheel of the Year has very Celtic names and then all of a sudden…Yule. What? The problem is, we don’t seem to have a lot of information on how Celts celebrated midwinter.

Chris Godwin‘s article on the Celtic Winter Solstice is both insightful and useful. Some of the important themes of the winter and the Winter Solstice are similar to what we’ve already seen here. First, there was a midwinter feast. Second, the lore has a “battle” over the light half and dark half of the year. And finally, the lore also has a miraculous child that is attested in several Celtic cultures.

Slavic Customs

Slavic polytheism is difficult to find source material for in English, and Slavic is an umbrella term that encompasses a vast regional area. However, in an attempt to find some common Slavic traditions for the Winter Solstice, I have gathered this information.

Koliada is a common name for a midwinter festival in Slavic countries, which is still a part of modern Christmas traditions. The Eastern Orthodox calendar has their Christmas in January, and possibly Koliada was also celebrated after the Winter Solstice. Koliada is considered the beginning of the new year.

The holiday was possibly related to the god Koliada, who has an association with the sun. There is also the winter goddess Marzanna, who is banished after winter is over, similar to the Cailleach. There is also evidence that Slavic polytheists sacrificed horses, cows, bears, and other animals at this time, so possibly this holiday was associated with fertility like the Scandinavian Yule.

Other Slavic pagans focus on Veles during the winter, as he is considered a deity of the forests, animals (including cows and bears), death, and wintertime. Some also focus on their ancestors, which is a common Indo-European theme for a culture’s new year.

Some Final Thoughts for New Pagans

As a final note, however you want to practice, calendars have changed throughout time; polytheists have lived in different regions with different climate and environment; very little happened on the exact days of the neo pagan wheel of the year. Don’t stress about having to do it “right”, simply focus on the meaning of the season and the numinous beings – deities, spirits, and ancestors – who you want to honor/worship at this time of year.

There are two specifically modern ways to celebrate the Winter Solstice that I personally love. First, there is the heathen tradition of Sunwait. This is a take on the Christian Advent for us to wait for the Sun’s return. Every week up to Yule, you light six candles one at a time. It’s really a lovely tradition.

Secondly, there is a druid way to celebrate the coming of the Solstice, much like the Christmas Advent calendars people may be used to. Reverend Jan Avende wrote this book on Winter Solstice Spirals, sold at The Magical Druid. The intention is to light a candle in the three weeks prior to the Solstice, and there is a short ritual for each day’s candle. Many of the themes for each night revolve around Indo-European concepts that any pagan could adapt to a specific practice.

Sources

All websites accessed December 2020.

• “Christmas Tree.” Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree
• M. Sentia Figula “Calendar.” Roman Pagan.https://romanpagan.wordpress.com/calendar/
• R. M. Ogilvie. The Romans and Their Gods in the Age of Augustus. W. W. Norton and Company. 1969. Page 98.
• M. Sentia Figula. “The Invincible Sun.” neo polytheist.http://romanpagan.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-unconquered-sun-sol-invictus.html
• Gene Veith. “Christmas is NOT based on the feast of Sol Invictus.” Patheos. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2012/12/christmas-is-not-based-on-the-feast-of-sol-invictus/
• “Sol Invictus.” Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus
• “Saturnalia.” Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
• Chris Godwin. “22 Celtic Winter Solstice Customs and Traditions.” Patheos.https://www.patheos.com/blogs/fromacommonwell/2017/12/22-celtic-winter-solstice-customs-traditions/
• “Koliada.” Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliada
• “Koliada (deity).” Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliada_(deity)
• Emily. “Winter Gods.” The Slavic Polytheist.https://slavicpolytheist.wordpress.com/2018/04/19/winter-gods/
• Kseniia S. “Slavic Pagan Holidays Throughout The Year.” Slavorum.https://www.slavorum.org/slavic-pagan-holidays-throughout-the-year/
• “Velesa Den (Feb 12).” Solntsa Roshcha. https://solntsaroshcha.wordpress.com/velesa-den-feb-12/
• Rev. Jan Avende. “Winter Solstice Spiral: Overview.” Mist to Open. Mists to Bind.https://hellenicdruid.com/2017/11/29/winter-solstice-spiral-liturgy-overview/
• The Magical Druid Listing for The Spiraling Sun:https://www.magicaldruid.com/product/spiraling-sun-a-winter-solstice-liturgy-the/1500

As a final note, however you want to practice, calendars have changed throughout time; polytheists have lived in different regions with different climate and environment; very little happened on the exact days of the neo pagan wheel of the year. Don’t stress about having to do it “right”, simply focus on the meaning of the season and the numinous beings – deities, spirits, and ancestors – who you want to honor/worship at this time of year.

Bonfires play a significant role in many winter solstice pagan celebrations. The fire represents the light and warmth that will conquer the darkness of winter. People gather around the bonfires, offering prayers and making wishes for the coming year. It is also common to decorate homes with evergreen branches, holly, and mistletoe, which are symbols of fertility and everlasting life. Another important aspect of the winter solstice pagan celebration is the feast. As a time of harvest, it was customary to gather together and share food and drink. Many of the foods associated with the winter solstice celebration have symbolic meanings, such as fruits representing abundance and grains representing the promise of new growth. In modern times, pagan and neo-pagan communities continue to celebrate the winter solstice in their own way. These celebrations often incorporate elements of ancient traditions, such as bonfires, rituals, and feasting. It is a time for reflection, gratitude, and connecting with nature and the cycles of life. Overall, the winter solstice pagan celebration is a time to honor the darkness of winter and the return of light. It is a time of renewal and hope, where people come together to celebrate the changing seasons and the eternal cycle of life..

Reviews for "Folklore and legends associated with the winter solstice in pagan lore"

1. Emily - 1 star

"Winter Solstice Pagan Name" was a complete disappointment for me. The characters were poorly developed and lacked depth, making it difficult to connect with them. Furthermore, the plot felt disjointed and lacked a clear direction. It seemed like the author was trying to include too many elements without properly tying them together. Overall, this book failed to captivate my interest and left me feeling unsatisfied.

2. James - 2 stars

I had high hopes for "Winter Solstice Pagan Name", but unfortunately, it fell short of my expectations. The writing style was overly simplistic, and the dialogue felt forced and unrealistic. The pacing was also quite slow, making it difficult to stay engaged in the story. Additionally, I found the ending to be abrupt and unsatisfying, leaving many loose ends unresolved. Overall, I found this book to be underwhelming and would not recommend it to others.

3. Sarah - 2.5 stars

"Winter Solstice Pagan Name" had an interesting premise, but it failed to deliver on its potential. The world-building was lacking, leaving many unanswered questions about the magical elements and the significance of the Winter Solstice celebration. The character development was also weak, making it difficult to care about their fates. Additionally, the pacing was inconsistent, with some parts dragging on while others felt rushed. Overall, this novel had potential but lacked the execution to make it truly enjoyable.

Winter solstice rituals in pagan traditions